Measuring Economic Health Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Measuring Economic Health Paper - Essay Example Thus, a measure of improvement in the environment as well as measures of economic health may be used jointly to measure or assess development. Some of the more important measures of economic health are the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Product (GNP). The GDP refers to â€Å"the value of final goods and services produced† (Dornbusch et al., 2008, p. 36). The qualification â€Å"final† is used to avoid double counting because counting the tire, for example, may double count with the value of the car. Dornbusch et al. (2008, p. 36) emphasized that that the GDP consist of the value of goods currently produced. Thus, for each year for example, the GDP refers to the goods and services produced during that period or year. GDP is measured annually. The GDP is a concept or measure similar to the GDP. However, while the GDP refers to the goods and services produced in a country that may include both the value of output from both citizen and alien producers, the GNP refers to the goods and services produced by citizens or nationals. Thus, the GNP also covers the production of goods and services by nationals or citizens abroad. ... For example, Real GDP or GNP in 2010 prices measures the GDP or GNP using year 2010 prices. For these, economist use a variable known as GDP or GNP deflators that convert all GDP and GNP of all years into the GDP or GNP values of year 2010. For each year, there can be specific GDP or GNP deflator that can convert the GDP or GNP into a particular year. Nominal GDP or GNP refers to GDP or GNP measures in a particular year using prices of that year. Through the real GDP and GDP over several years, economists are able to assess whether a business cycle exist as well as determine the period which constitute a business cycle in which there is cycle of relative slump and recovery. One theory in economics holds that there is an equilibrium real business cycle (Dornbusch et al., 2008, p. 553). The theory asserts that â€Å"fluctuations in output and employment are the result of a variety of real shocks that hit the economy, with markets adjusting rapidly and remaining always in equilibriumâ €  (Dornbusch et al., 2008, p. 553). Dornbusch et al. (2008, p. 553) clarifies that the real business cycle theory is a result of a perspective known as the â€Å"rational expectations† approach in economics. The rational expectations approach in economics assumes that economic agents are rational and use all available information, including forecasts and past experience in anticipating the direction of the economy and in response to that direction, their behavior or action in that economy. Economics bodies in the government determine fiscal policy. Usually, several bodies in government determine or are tapped to determine fiscal policy. In the United States, one such body is the Federal Reserve Board. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, for instance, may be

Cyber-Dating and Traditional Dating Methods Essay - 1

Cyber-Dating and Traditional Dating Methods - Essay Example Describing the term dating is vague and ambiguous in today’s world. Marquardt described a variety of definitions for dating in 2001. Dating can be described as â€Å"a fast-moving, highly committed relationship, when two people quickly form a serious and intense bond, spending most of their time together† (Rosenthal 2012). With the advent of computers, social networking sites and a plethora of dating sites available for teenagers and adults, online dating is rapidly becoming the newest trend for 21st-century people. Estimates show that there are 836 dating sites in January 2005 and 40 million Americans visit the online dating sites every month. A survey also showed that 14% of singles who were engaged, married or dating someone met them through online dating services (Rosen et al 2007). Although the differences between online dating and traditional dating are quite divergent, both display a variety of benefits and demerits when compared in various perspectives. The path that a relationship develops between two people is different and the bond created also differs when it comes to online dating and the conventional dating methods. The time taken for a relationship to flourish varies significantly. Online dating begins with email messages, interactions on social networking sites and chatting through the internet. ... Cyber-dating offers an escape from the various stereotypical roles and commitment issues that bound the otherwise conventional methods of traditional forms of dating. The traditional forms of dating mainly propose that a man asks a woman for dating and courtship. However, online dating offers the teenage girls to experiment with their powers within a heterosexual relationship (Nayar 2010). Traditional norms maintain that the woman should wait for the man, however, online dating services and experience lets the girls or women experiment with modern and more assertive relationship experiences. Although internet dating offers quick courtship services, the information and data provided by candidates can sometimes be deceptive. It is easier for people to lie to each other and the appearances can be altered to deceive the other person (Nayar 2010).  Ã‚  

Concurrency Control In Distributed Database Systems Information Technology Essay

Concurrency Control In Distributed Database Systems Information Technology Essay Concurrency control is a very important issue in distributed database system design. This is because concurrency allows many transactions to be executing simultaneously such that collection of manipulated data item is left in a consistent state. Database concurrency control permits users to access a database in a multiprogrammed fashion while preserving the illusion that user is executing alone on a dedicated system. Besides, it produces the same effect and has the same output on the database as some serial execution of the same transaction. Concurrency control in distributed system is achieved by a program which is called scheduler. Scheduler help to order the operations of transaction in such a way that the resulting logs is serializable. There have two type of the concurrency control that are locking approach and non-locking approach. In term of locking approach, two-phase lock is widely used and purpose for centralized or distributed database system. Before distributed database systems accessing some part of database, it must adopt a locking mechanism such as each transaction has to obtain a lock. After that part is locked by other transaction, the access request will be block and the transaction who making reauest has to wait. Two-phase locking will cause the deadlock problem. This locking induces high communication cost because of the deadlock problem. Whereas in term of non-locking approach which is divided into two type which are Timestamp ordering (TO) and Serialization Graph Testing (SGT). Timestamp ordering utilizes unique transaction timestamp for determining the serialization order. It divided into three different modes that are basic, conservative and optimistic modes. For Serialization Graph Testing, it has been most attractive log class until 1987 because it is known as the largest known class of serializable logs. There are some limitations that can found in those two approaches. However, there are some solution that can used to solve the problem and will be discuss more detail in the below. 2. Type and the issue of concurrency control 2.1 Two -phase locking Two -phase locking is a widely used concurrency control technique to synchronize accesses to shared item. Each data item has a lock associated with it. The scheduler will first examine the associated lock before a transaction (T1) may access a data item. If there is no transaction holds the lock then the scheduler will obtains the lock on behalf of T1. When another transaction T2 hold the lock, the T1 has to wait until T2 to gives up the lock. The scheduler will give the T1 the lock after the T2 release the lock. Scheduler must ensure that there is only one transaction can hold the lock at a time and only one transaction can access data item at a time. They are two types of locks associate with data item that is read locks and write locks. Figure 1 below show that the transaction T1 and T2 follow the two-phase locking protocol. Figure 1: Transaction T1 and T2 with 2-phase locking protocol However, there is an important and unfortunate property of two-phase locking schedulers is that they are subject to deadlocks. For instances, the classic deadlock situation in which neither of two processes can proceed that is one must release a resource and the other one needs to proceed. Besides that, deadlock also arises when the transaction try to strengthen read locks to write locks. To ensure that there is no transaction is blocked forever, the scheduler needs a strategy for detecting the deadlock. In addition, two-phase locking is suffer from sensible delays due to a node needs to send message to all nodes and must receive acknowledgement from all nodes to discover a deadlock. The messages will exchange between nodes to get decision of transactions commit. The whole system will stop since not discover the deadlock immediately and a natural of distributed system make deadlock treatment very difficult. Moreover, the message that due to commit and deadlock treatment make high traffic on network which is makes need of special kind of networking. Time Figure 2: A spatial schedules of T1 and T2 in state of deadlock T1 wait for T2 to release read lock on y2 T3 wait for T1 to release read lock on x1 T2 wait for T3 to release read lock on z3 Figure 3: A wait-for graph for the spatial schedule of Figure 2 There are two type of graph that show as above which is a spatial schedule of T1 and T2 in the state of deadlock. Another graph show that the wait for graph for the spatial schedule of the figure 2 above. Each node of the graph represent the transaction, the edges represent the waiting for relationship. Furthermore, concurrency control also deals with starvation. The starvation occurs when a particular transaction consistently waits or restarted and never gets a chance to proceed further. In a deadlock resolution it is possible the same transaction may consistently be selected as victim and rolled-back. This type of limitation is inherent in all priority based scheduling mechanism. The wound-wait scheme a younger transaction may always be aborted by a long running older transaction which may create starvation. Besides that, the two phases in locking method also may cause to dirty read and cascading abort. The problem of dirty read is arises when assume T1 and T2 are executed interleave. For this condition, the T1 will get the exclusive locks for record. Supposedly, T1 release locks immediately after doing updates while T2 acquires that locks and does its update. If the T1 fail before it commits due to certain of reason, then it will return value to original value. T2 will continue to its execution with uncommitted data and this will cause an error on the system result. On the other hand, the problem of cascading abort arises when if a transaction aborts. There may have some other transaction already used data from an object that the aborted transaction modified it and unlocked it. If this happen, any such transaction will also have to be aborts. 2.2 Timestamp ordering technique Timestamp is a monotonically increasing variable indicating the age of an operation or a transaction. The larger of the timestamp values indicate that more recent event or operation. Timestamp ordering technique concurrency mechanism were considered suitable for distributed database systems since transaction to be rolled back can be determined locally at each site. It involves a unique transaction timestamps in place of conventional locks. This technique is based on the idea that an operation is allowed to proceed only if all the conflicting operations of older transaction have already been processed. For instance, when a transaction accesses an item the system will check whether the transaction is older than the last one which is accesses the item. If this is the case that transaction proceeds, otherwise ordering is violated and the transaction is aborted. Besides that, the serializability of the transaction is preserved and requires knowledge about which transaction are younger tha n the others. In the implementation of a distributed timing system, each site in the distributed system contains a local clock or a counter. This clock assumed to tick at least once between any two events. This event within the site is totally ordered. If the total ordering of event at different sites, it need to assigned a unique number to each site and the number is concatenated as least significant bits to the current value of local block. Moreover, each message contains the information about the local time of their site of origin at which the message is sent. There are many concurrency control method on timestamp ordering technique. One of the method is basic timestamp ordering (BTO) which is for each data item x, the largest timestamp of any write operation on data item x and the largest timestamp of any read operation on data item x which are denoted by R_TS (x) and W_TS (x) respectively. The basic timestamp ordering technique is easy to distribute and the transaction to be aborted will immediately be recognized when the operation are being scheduled. This type of method will not deal with deadlock problem because the locks are not used and operations are blocked. Hence, an atomic commitment mechanism is necessary to provide the reliability. 3. Improvement of issue concurrency control 3. 1Deadlock resolution The preceding implementation of two-phase locking makes the transaction to wait for unavailable locks. When the waiting is uncontrolled will cause a deadlock. The situation of deadlock can be characterized by wait-for graph, that graph indicates which transaction is waiting for which other transaction. There are three type of general technique are available for deadlock resolution that are deadlock detection, deadlock prevention and timeout strategies. 3.1.1 Deadlock Detection Deadlock detection is a transaction wait for each other in an uncontrolled manner and is only aborted if a deadlock occurs. It can be detected by explicitly constructing a wait-for graph and searching it for cycles. Victim which is one transaction on the cycle will abort when cycle is found and thereby breaking the deadlock. There are a few victim selection criteria will be consider. First is the Current Blocker, this current blocker will pick the transaction that blocked the most recently. Secondly, Random Blocker which is a process of picks a transaction at random from the participants in the deadlock cycle. Third is the Min Locks that is to pick a transaction that is holding the fewest locks. Fourth is the Youngest which is picked the transaction with the most recent initial startup time. Lastly is the Min Work and responsible to pick the transaction that has consumed the least amount of physical resources (CPU + I/O time) since it first began running. In order to minimize the cost of restarting the victim, usually the victim is based on the amount of resource that use by each of transaction on the cycle. Each of the two-phase lockings scheduler can be easily construct the waits-for graph based on the waits-for relationships local to that scheduler. But this is not efficient to characterize all deadlocks in the distributed system. To increase the efficiency, more global wait-for graphs have to combine with local waits-for graph. For the centralized two-phase locking will not have this type of problem since there only consist of one scheduler. In order to construct global waits-for graph, there consist of two techniques which are hierarchical and centralized deadlock detection. For the hierarchical deadlock detection, the database sites are organized into hierarchy with deadlock detector to each node of the hierarchy. Deadlock divided into many sites. Deadlock involve a single site are detected at that. Whereas deadlock involve more than two sites of the same region detected by the regional deadlock detector. On the other hand, one site is designated the deadlock detector in the centralized deadlock detection. Every few minutes, each scheduler has to send its local wait-for graph to the deadlock detector. Then the deadlock detector combines the local graph into a system wide waits-for graph by constructing the union of the local graph. Although both of the technique mention above differ in detail but it involve periodic transmission of local waits-for information to one or more deadlock detector sites. 3.1.2Deadlock Prevention Deadlock prevention is a cautious scheme in which transaction is restarted when the system is afraid that deadlock to be occurring. In the process of deadlock prevention, the scheduler will test the requesting transaction which is name (T1) and the transaction that currently owns by the lock (T2) when a lock request is denied. When T1 and T2 pass the test, T1 is permitted to wait for T2 as usual. Otherwise, one of the two is aborted. There are a few prevention algorithms that are Wound-Wait, Wait-Die, Immediate-Restart and Running Priority. In the Wait-Die prevention algorithm, if a lock request from transaction T1 leads to a conflict with another transaction T2, then T1 started time earlier than T2 and block the T1 otherwise will restarted T1. The deadlock prevention will know as nonpreemptive if T1 is restarted. By this technique deadlock are impossible since there is only one transaction can be blocked by a younger transaction. In the Wound-Wait algorithm, if T1 started running before T2 then restarted T2 otherwise blocked T1. This type of algorithm is known as preemptive which is older transaction run though the system by killing any one that they conflict with and continues waiting onlt for older conflicting transaction. The scheduler must ensure that T1 wait for T2 so that deadlock cannot occur. There is a better approach can be assign priorities to transaction and to test priorities to decide whether T1 can wait for T2. If T1 has the lower priority than T2 then T1 will wait for T2. When they have same priorities, T1 cannot wait for T2 or vice versa. This test will prevents the deadlock to occur since every edge in the waits-for graph T1 has a lower priority than T2. In addition, the Immediate-Restart algorithm also will overcome the deadlock by simply restart T1 since there is no transaction is ever blocked. Besides that, preordering of resources is a type of deadlock avoidance technique that used to avoid restarts altogether. It requires predeclaration of locks which mean that each transaction obtains all its locks before execution. The priority of transaction is the number of the highest number lock on it and the data item are numbered and each transaction request locks one at a time in numeric order. Although this techniques can avoid the deadlock occur but it forces locks to be obtained sequentially which is tends to increase response time. 3.1.3 Timeout strategic In the timeout strategic, a transaction whose lock request cannot be granted is simply placed in the blocked queue. When the wait time exceeds some threshold value then the transaction will restarted. Timeout will restart transaction that involves in deadlocks in the detection strategies whereas in prevention strategic it may also restarted some transaction that are not involved in any cycle. 3.2 Strict 2 Phase Locking (S2 PL) In order to prevent cascading problem and dirty read, Strict 2 Phase Locking mechanism is apply. The executed transaction holds all its lock to the every end until it is committed or aborts. For the dirty read, the executed transaction does not release any of exclusive locks until it commits or aborts. S2PL has important role in the two phase locking problems. In first time transaction it need a lock on a data item, acquires it and all locks of a transaction released together when the transaction terminates and has a few resource wasting. Figure 4 below show the S2PL mechanism. Figure 4: S2PL mechanism 3.3 Ordering by Serialization Number (OSN) method There exists a new method for concurrency control in distributed system which increases the level of concurrent execution of transaction and known as ordering by serialization number (OSN). The deadlock is prevented by this method since it works in the certifier mode and uses time interval technique in conjunction. In order to provide serializability, it combines with time interval technique with short term locks. Scheduler is distributed and the standard transaction execution policy is assumed. The read and write operations are issued continuously during transaction execution. The write operations are performed on the private copies of the data that issue by the transaction. The transaction is certified and its operation will applied to database when a validation test is passed by the transaction at the end of transaction. Otherwise, the transaction will restart if the test validation is not passed. To find the serialization number for a transaction, the largest serialization number of certified transaction will read item x. The largest serialization number of certified transaction which have written item x will record along the data item x which is known as RSN(x) and WSN(x). There consist of four types of short term locks in this OSN method that are R-lock, W-lock, Certified Read lock, Certified Write lock. The R-lock and W-lock normally used when read or write the data item. It responsible to protect the data item forms two conflicting operations of concurrent transaction. Whereas Certified Read lock (CR-lock) and Certified Write lock (CW-lock) are used during the validation test while a transaction is searching for a valid time interval. These lock are held until either the transactions operation are applied to the database or the transaction is aborted. The deadlock of short term locks is prevented by a few steps. Firstly, R-lock or W-lock is obtained at any order. Since transaction do not require any other lock before releasing a particular R-lock or W-lock deadlock does not appear. Secondly, employing the preordering for deadlock avoidance can prevent the deadlock of the CR-lock and CW-lock respectively. Although this method requires the access set of transaction to known in advance but this disadvantage eliminated in the OSN method. This is because CR-lock and CW-lock requires by the time of certification. Besides that, if a transaction requires both CR-lock and CW-lock on data item x the system will grants them both when both of these locks are requires at once. 4. Conclusion In this study, the performance of concurrency control protocol on top of a comprehensively modeled high-speed network is evaluated. It found that there exist of some issue within the concurrency protocol such as deadlock and starvation in the two-phase locking. The weaknesses that occur in another concurrency protocol that is timestamp ordering. By the way, there are also discussing about the effective way to make improvement of the concurrency control by using three types of deadlock resolution to solving the deadlock problem. The deadlock resolution included deadlock detection, deadlock prevention and timeout strategic. Furthermore, a precise definition of deadlock in term of existence interval of an edge is given and these help provide a better understanding of deadlock detection is distributed system. Besides, this paper also discuss the complete specification of a secure version of two phase locking protocol. The interaction between the protocol and the standard failure recovery procedures were discuss and modification to the commit and restart procedures were proposed. 5. Reference Abdou R. Ali and Hany M. Harb, Two Phase Locking Concurrency Control in Distributed Database with N-Tier architecture, 2004. S. M. Wu and D. L. Pan, FUTURE TREND ON CONCURRENCY CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTED DATABASES SYSTEM DESIGN , 1988. Sang H. Son and Rasikan David, Design and Analysis of A Secure Two-Phase Locking Protocol, 1994 Shapour Joudi Begdillo, Fariborz Mahmoudi and Mehdi Asadi, Improving Strict 2 Phase Locking (S2PL) in Transactions Concurrency Control, 2007 PHILIP A. BERNSTEIN AND NATHAN GOODMAN, Concurrency Control in Distributed Database Systems, June 1981 RAKESH AGRAWAL, MICHAEL J. CAREY, MEMBER, IEEE, AND LAWRENCE W. McVOY, The Performance of Alternative Strategies for Dealing with Deadlocks in Database Management Systems, 1987 UGUR HALICI AND ASUMAN DOGAC,MEMBER,IEEE, Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases Through Time Intervals and Short-Term Locks,1989

Eastern Airlines Facing Bankruptcy :: essays research papers

Eastern Airlines Facing Bankruptcy In 1986, Eastern Airlines was in desparate trouble. The fourth quarter of 1985 had shown a $67.4 million loss, and financially experts had told Frank Borman, president and chief executive officer, that the airline had three choices: 1) a 20 percent pay cut for all union and noncontract employees. 2) Filing for Chapter 11 (bankruptcy) or 3) Selling the airline. On February 23, 1986, Eastern's board of directors met to decide the fate of the company. Frank Borman, quickly left his home in Coral Gables to Building 16 at Miami International Airport that Sunday evening, to discuss plans on saving the airlines. The board of directors had recessed for dinner following afternoon session and was scheduled to convene at 7:30 p.m. At the earlier meeting, Wayne Yeoman, senior vice president for finance, had spent most of the time outlining the details of Texas Air's offer to buy Eastern. Frank Lorenzo and Frank Borman had been talking since December originally about consolidating the computerized reservation systems, then , as Eastern's problems deepen, about a possible sale. As Frank entered his office, he found his his loyal excutive assistant; Wayne Yeoman; and Dick Magurno, Eastern's senior vice president for legal affairs. For about 20 minutes the three discussed the fourthcoming meeting and the prospects for saving the airline. Negotiations were going to come around for ALPA and TWU but no break from the IAM. The IAM would not budge since Charlie Byran, head of the machinist's union, stood firm against a 20 percent wage cut. At 7:30 the board meeting began with the discussion of the Texas Air offer, concentrating on some of the conditions attached to the buying of the company. More talk and hours dragged on. Finally word got out that ALPA was nearing an agreement. The meeting recessed for an hour. During the recess Frank needed to get Charlie's surport on the 20 percent pay cut, otherwise the company was going to sold. He told Charlie to come up to his office. Frank told Charlie, " we've been at this since 83' and you have to recognize it can't go on. I have every reason to believe that the pilots and flight attendants are going to give us what we need. I know it's more difficult for you because your contract is not open. But I know you have a sense of history. We have a very good opportunity to cure this airline, and if you just understand this, in the long run you'll come out a stronger, more admirable person. Choose the harder right instead of the easier wrong, and

My Reflection of Rollo May’s Existentialism Psychology Essay

After many years of his hardships in conducting clinical research, May was able to postulate a new way of looking at human beings. With such newly evolved point of view, May saw people as living in the world of present experiences and ultimately being responsible for who they become. Many people, he believed, lack the courage to face their destiny, and in the process of fleeing from it, they give up much of their freedom. Having negated their freedom, they likewise run away from their responsibility. Not being willing to make choices, they lose sight of who they are and develop a sense of insignificance and alienation. In contrast, healthy people challenge their destiny, cherish their freedom, and live authentically with other people and with themselves. They recognize the inevitability of death and have the courage to live life in the present. These thoughts of Rollo May, I believe, had caught my interest to further elaborate the essence of his theory through my own way of explaining. With these, I will be going to set aside all of the other theories. To be bias at this time, I believe will be of good help in further expressing my appreciation so as to justify the reasons behind why I like his theory of personality. At a first glance, I was quite intrigued with the way he was able to come up with his explanation of the personality. And through my first reading, Rollo May’s ideas made me realize that my outlook in life can be somehow reflected to his theories. Existentialism: A Reflection of My Life Rollo May’s view of people was highly influenced by the writings of Soren Kierkegaard who opposed attempts in seeing people merely as objects, but at the same time, he opposed the view that subjective perceptions are one’s only reality. What Kierkegaard was mainly concerned of is that both the experiencing person and the person’s experience contribute in understanding human beings. In view of this thought, I realized that the events taking into place and the one who is experiencing such event are very essential in explaining life. I was raised with a pure Catholic Faith instilled in my mind, heart and soul. I can still remember the very first time I asked my parents about God’s existence and how great he really is to have control over our lives. I was then a third grader and was influenced maybe with Religion class for it was also my first time to enter such. Now, I can say, I have, partly, the answers to my questions. As May stated, existence takes precedence over essence. The process by which we are in control in becoming and emerging to what we want to be. To exist actively and authentically is one thing that we should consider in our search for truth. Since I became more aware of the happenings around me, I assume I was then starting in my search for identity, freedom and true responsibility – all these constitutes in the truth of life. I also believe that each of us is ultimately responsible of who we are and what we become and that we cannot blame others such as our parents, teachers, employers, God, or circumstances in what we do with ourselves. â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. † We cannot deny the saying which turned to be a basic truth in a person’s life, â€Å"No man is an island. † As in my way of living, I may associate with others in productive and healthy relationships, but at the end of the day, I still realized that I am alone working for a purpose. I realized that my parents are just there to guide me and be the best examples that they can be for me to emulate. I maybe see myself always in almost all situations of my life to being with my friends. We may share things that I have; we may do things together to attain a goal; we may have the same interests and joy in life, but, still, at the end of the day, I just ponder and realized that I was just really making my choice – my choice to become what I can be so as to become a psychologically healthy individual contributing significant things into the society. Life and death are two opposing forces which somehow lead us to become a being-in-the-world or a nonbeing. As I observe, in every tasks – whether it be simple or complicated – my only thought in finishing such task is to give justice of having life and living it to the fullest. To have a life is my goal but I do not consider death as my destiny because my main goal now is eternal life with God – my savior. Death, maybe, is inevitable and for me the thought of it will just deprived me of doing well in life. I believe that people adapt to the natural world, relate to others as humans, and have a keen awareness of what all these experiences mean to them and these would mean to an established healthy individual which I am really striving for, most especially, during these times with which hurdles in life are presented continuously. Since I enter college and enroll in Psychology, my way of thinking and attaining life-goals changed. I shall say that it became more mature as I would have to strive harder to meet the expectations of my family which I chose to comply with. This implies that my parents may be associated in my search for truth but still, I am the only one working for it literally and with the emotional support of significant others. This is my ultimate choice. Anxiety and Guilt: Problems in Fulfilling Potentialities We cannot deny the fact that we are encountering problems in times of difficulties with which we are to achieve, at some point, our potentialities in life. Anxiety and guilt arises and there is no doubt that we cannot help but to deal with it so as to holistically achieve our full potentialities as human beings and for us to hone these into a full-blown ability which we’ll be needing in times of crises and another uprisings of unpleasant feelings like worries and doubts. During times like this, I realized that intentions should exist in the inner self so as to able to choose and act on the choices I made in my daily life. There are many instances of my school life wherein I failed to build up intentions – intentions such as passing the exam or getting a high score and performing at my best. Sometimes I tend to fail and this, I believe, is because I do not have firm intentions in life which turns to be a key in overcoming anxiety and guilt. But there are times also that I’m able to utilize pure intentions which gives meaning to my experiences and, in turn, allows me to make decisions for a bright future. Firm and strong intentions, I believe is a strong foundation in utilizing potentialities at its peak and at the same time, it serves to be an anchor in putting up more mature decisions. Care, Love, and Will: More Than Just Empathy-Building Associated with the unpleasant feelings which were noted as the emotional uprisings when people are presented with difficulties and problems are the build-up of the most essential feelings and attitude a human being should possess. I guess these three are important in a sense that it bridges the gaps which are just more than learning or knowing others’ emotions. Care, love, and will plays important roles in our daily lives for these three aspects do not just create pleasant and wanted reactions or forms of intimate interpersonal relationships but also because I believe that these three should be considered as the soul-base of attaining freedom and confronting your destiny. As May would say, â€Å"To care for someone means to recognize that person as a fellow human being, to identify with that person’s pain or joy, guilt or pity. † This merely suggests that caring is given for those who you think deserve it and also, it can’t be given for just somebody but for someone who means a lot to you. Of course, as an active human being we are expected and somehow obliged to show care and respect to our fellow human beings as we are just the same kind of living beings whose primary aim is to seek affection from others in order to give that attention back. Since care is an active process, it should neither be limited nor be stopped in instances such as negative emotional outbursts because in such manner, negative feelings can be easily replaced with positive ones. Moreover, to love will never be the same of caring but to care is the source of love. To love is to recognize the essential humanity of the person and also, to accept what can be unacceptable with that person. Talking about things like this, others might say, can be a waste of time for they might also insist that they already know the true meaning behind this. But the point here is that care and love don’t just tackle intimacy or sexual arousal but it talks about how really it is conquering all things on earth. Will, on the other hand, was believed to be rooted from care. It is viewed as the capacity to organize one’s self so that movement in a certain direction or toward a certain goal may take place. Will initiates our desire to do actions in fulfilling our wildest wishes or dreams. We sometimes tell ourselves that if there’s a will, there’s a way which implies that we do really have the capacity to build the will from ourselves so as to develop self-esteem and self-worth which are important factors in the development of a strong and firm intention to do such action. There may be times that my will is not that strong to motivate me, but when I think that it will be for the betterment of others and not just to me, I always try hard to push more so there’ll be no regrets at the end of the day. Freedom: An Understanding of our Destiny Our own way and style of having freedom in our lives depicts how our destiny can be modified or challenged. Although freedom is not that easy to attain, the joy of having it would tell us that we are really determined to challenge our destiny. To be free does not necessarily mean to be able to do the things that you’ve been wishing for your life. These are what you call existential freedom wherein we just enjoy all the good things happening to our life at present and worrying no more with what the future could bring. We made choices and we act on it. That’s the way existential freedom should be. Since we are imprisoned of our own destiny, it makes us less aware of the freedom of doing but with the essential freedom. We are born in this world with questions in mind with which we are motivated to search for answers regarding the true essence and meaning of our lives. Without destiny, then, we have no freedom, but without freedom our destiny is meaningless. The Role Of Myths in My Life According to Rollo May, people who lack myths to believe in turned to religious cults, drug addiction, and popular culture in a vain effort to find meaning in their lives. He also contended that myths are not falsehoods but rather, he sees it as conscious and unconscious belief systems that provide explanations for personal and social problems. People use myths and symbols to transcend the immediate concrete situation, to expand self-awareness, and to search for identity. Believing in myths I believe can do no harm for anybody as long as it is not causing social impairment to the individual and into his society. The myths of May can be compared to Jung’s archetypes which are considered as the avenues to universal images that lie beyond individual experience. I, myself, have some myths which help me, I believe, in the betterment of my psychological well-being for I know these would have benefits on me like it would allow me in opening up a new reality. To Challenge Destiny: My Favorite Theory of Personality Destiny is our destination and our goal. It seems to be like a force for us to be triggered, to be motivated and to be ignited to face the challenges and solve the problems that life has to offer. Just as I allow destiny to mold me, there are times also that I was like awakened of the thought that waiting for it to take place will be a waste of time. I also allow myself to respond the way I want to respond to the absurdities of life to be able to prove that destiny does not dictate how my life should be working. With this, I don’t let my destiny dictates me of my outlook in life. As we challenge our destiny, we gain freedom, and as we achieve freedom, we push at the boundaries of destiny. I would say that to challenge destiny is my primary mission right now most especially that I am facing a lot of hardships in school. But I will not disregard or deny the possibility that real life begins on the outside world wherein, at that time, I will be no longer showing my potentials in the four walls of the classroom but instead, it will be evolving into a bigger place or dimension where many competitors will be present and will be more ready to spice up my quest for a well-defined-destiny. As a student, I have been looking for answers in my true identity with which I may be able to relate well to others. I have been also, looking for the things that will satisfy my needs just as what other theorists would suggest but I think Rollo May’s Existential Psychology helped me realized more the true essence of living for a purpose. I might be very expressive in showing my appreciation to May’s theory but still it just ignited my desire to push through life as good as it can be. As a son, it made me more realize the fact that I have my parents living with me and supporting me always. They serve as my support system although I understand that at the end of the day I am a single individual working for my own purpose. But still, I know that I exist up to this day because of them and their very good upbringing. As a friend, I now knew the true meaning of showing care, love, and will not just to those person who are close to me but to every single person I meet in every day of my life. They are the best company that I can ever have. They are really the best buddies I can ever have in good or tough times, but still I always see to it that I will be not dependent on them most especially when I’m at school doing assignments projects and any other requirements. This attitude of mine is my own way of taking preparations for my future endeavors and also, for me to be really able to do the molding and modification of my most to be expected and to be geared up aspect of my existence – destiny. As a child of God, I now realized the reasons why he gave me the potentials I knew that I can make use of to excel in every manner of my daily living. Prayers will always be at the top of my most used weapon in challenging my destiny. it will always be my first defense in coping with all the changes that life will be presenting. Existentialism made me realize all these. It just helped me mold my belief of things that are not that vivid to me before. But now that I have already all these belief systems, I will be making sure that on the next single conversations that I will have in the future, I will see to it that I’ll be imparting those knowledge. â€Å"To grasp what it means to exist, one needs to grasp the fact that he might not exist†. This quotation of Rollo May strongly implies his desire in imparting his theory to us individuals and to how we can be able to make use of his theory through the modern way of perceiving such knowledge. Overall, I’ve learned from his theory that to exist also means to live life with its full essences – that destiny will be the key for molding these hidden essences that will soon to be revealed when the time comes that you are ready and you can finally say that you are able to challenge your own destiny as you desire it to be. Death is emphasized with this quotation of May. He contended that we can never escape the fact that death may happen and what’s striking the most is that it may arrive at the least expected moment. But although May insisted the fact that death is inevitable, I’m not preoccupied with the frightening thought of death but what I am afraid of is the thought of dying. On the other hand, understanding death, I believe, helps me in doing more quality things making it more meaningful. Confronting such issue of our nonexistence is somehow a key for us to live harmoniously. With this, we can be able to assert our freedom and be able to mold our own destiny.

Principles of Auditing

A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. 7 2. A company has not followed generally accepted accounting principles In the recording of its leases. The amounts involved are immaterial. 1 3. A company valued its inventory at current replacement cost. While the auditor believes that the inventory costs do approximate replacement costs, these costs do not approximate any GAAP inventory valuation method. 7 4.A client changed Its depreciation method for production equipment from the traight-line method to the units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor concurs with the change. 2 5. A client changed its depreciation method for production equipment from the straight-line to a units-of-production method based on hours of utilization. The auditor does not concur with the change. 7 6. A client changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years.The auditor concurs with the change. 3 7. A cli ent changed the depreciable life of certain assets from 10 years to 12 years. The auditor does not concur with the change. Confined to fixed assets and ccumulated depreciation, the misstatements involved are not considered pervasive. 3 8. A client changed from the method it uses to calculate postemployment benefits from one acceptable method to another one. The effect of the change Is Immaterial this year, but is expected to be material in the future. 1 9.A client changed the salvage value of certain assets from 5 percent to 10 percent of original cost. The auditor concurs with the change. 1 10, A client uses the specific identification method of accounting for valuable Items in inventory, and LIFO for less valuable items. The auditor concurs that this is a reasonable practice. 1 tOf3 has substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements adequately disclose the situation. 12. Due to recur ring operating losses and working capital deficiencies, an auditor reasonable period of time. The notes to the financial statements do not adequately disclose the substantial doubt situation, and the auditor believes the omission fundamentally affects the users' understanding of the financial statements. 4 13. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unmodified opinion.The total assets and revenues of the subsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the entity being audited. 1 14. An auditor reporting on group financial statements decides not to take responsibility for the work of a component auditor who audited a 70 percent owned subsidiary and issued an unqualified opinion. The total assets and revenues of the ubsidiary are 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the total assets and revenues of the enti ty being audited. 10 15.An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. She is unable to apply other procedures to determine whether ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 8 16. An auditor was hired after year-end and was unable to observe the counting of the year-end inventory. However, she was able to apply other procedures and determined that ending inventory and related information are properly stated. 1 17. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate for president of the United States.The auditor was unable to determine that amounts associated with the payoffs because of the client's inadequate record- retention policies. The client has added a note to the financial statements to describe the illegal payments and has stated that the amounts of the payments are not determinable. 1 18. An auditor discovered that a client made illegal political payoffs toa candidate re tention policies, although there is no likelihood that the financial statements are ervasively misstated, they may be materially misstated.The client refuses to disclose the payoffs in a note to the financial statements. 3 19. In auditing the long-term investments account of a new client, an auditor finds that a large contingent liability exists that is material to the consolidated company. It is probable that this contingent liability will be resolved with a material loss in the future, but the amount is not estimable. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in etail. 1 20.In auditing the long-term investments account ofa new client, an auditor finds future, and this amount is reasonably estimable as $2,000,000. Although no adjusting entry has been made, the client has provided a note to the financial statements that describes the matter in detail and includes the $2,000,000 estimate in that not e. 7 21. A client is issuing two years of comparative financial statements. The first year was audited by another auditor who is not being asked to reissue her audit report. (Reply as to the successor auditor's report.